Leadership and Change Management Free Essay Example, 3250 words

Change management and leadership developments are the top priorities of all organization. The major factor that leads to the fall of a number of organizations is the fact that they tend to treat change management and leadership management as different entities. The changes in the culture of an organization rely greatly on the way the leadership systems of an organization run (Goetsch Davis p, 20, 2014). It is important to note that all the activities of the organization are made to run in a particular way following the rules and responsibilities that have been outlined by its leaders. It has been noted that the success of a business relies on the ability of the organizations to consider change management and leadership management as a single entity. The best way to ensure to ensure that there are cultural modifications in the work environment has the best leadership qualities to inspire the rest of the crowd and follow you (Goetsch Davis p53 2014). Managers of various organizations have to overcome the resistance to cultural changes for the most important changes to be done by the organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Change Management or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Water Scarcity Of Water Pollution - 877 Words

Many people oppose the idea of the seriousness of water pollution. Many argue that the water supply for consumption is enough and that there will be no water shortage. â€Å"Peak Water† is a term used for a global water shortage (The Environment), so people who consider that the water supply is not going to end use this in their favor. They say that thinking that water is going to be scarce In the future is silly, that people are being peak water alarmists, because there is enough water for everyone, it’s just that there needs to be a way to get to that water. The argument is that water trapped underground and the developing of new ways and technologies to have the ocean water go through a process of desalinization and become usable for people is the reason why there will never be a water shortage. All of this would seem to make the fight for water pollution pointless because if there are more ways to get to water then there would be no issues with fresh water shortages . Other opposing arguments are that people do not have the money to prevent water pollution from happening. In this case it would be farmers who have to use pesticides for some of their crops. Most farmers would not have in mind that the pesticides they use will end up affecting water supplies miles away, and even if they did they would not be able to purchase a system that could contain the chemical runoff because they simply cannot afford it. The cost of having something that can properly treat water pollutionShow MoreRelatedWater Scarcity And Water Pollution2066 Words   |  9 PagesA Basic Necessity Introduction The amount of available fresh water is very limited in Benin, Africa. Much of this is a result of under urbanization, at one end of the spectrum, and poor government and infrastructure, at the other end. The population of Benin is roughly 10,160,556. It is estimated that each individual produces about 77 pounds of excrement and 132 gallons of urine a year (George 2008). 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Water allows us to live but it could be harmful to our bodies when polluted. Humans and natural disasters can cause damage to the water supply It is important to conserve water whenever possible (â€Å"Drinking Water, â€Å"2008). Oceans make up two-thirds of the EarthRead MoreEssay about Water Pollution and Drinking Water Scarcity1408 Words   |  6 Pages It is scary but true. Water, one hydrogen and two oxygen, is a compound that life on Earth is completely dependent upon. A clean drinking water supply is imperative if life is going to continue. Without a supply of clean drinking water, life would cease to exist. Much of Earth’s water is contaminated with chemicals and more water is being polluted each day. The sad fact is that the pollutants are being dumped into the water by man himself. We are slowly, and knowingly, killing off our ownRead MoreGroundwater Pollution and Drinking Water Scarcity Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesBy means of water, we give life to everything. – Koran, 21:30 Drinking water is our most precious resource, something every human being needs to survive. Yet today over 1.2 billion people a day on average do not have access to drinking water. Even if they might have this access, the chances are good that the drinking water is polluted with many contaminants. In the future, we will probably find that clean drinking water will go to the highest bidder, and even more people will findRead MoreWater Scarcity and Pollution: Don’t Let Our Tear Become Last Drop of Water1824 Words   |  8 PagesTong Li Zach Hilpert Focused Inquiry 112 Water scarcity and pollution: Don’t let our tear become last drop of water Years of thoughtless exploitation and consumption of environment by mankind has resulted in the effects staring in our face now. More and more potentially devastating environmental problems come up and affect various nations worldwide. But many people have trouble recognizing why a resource that seems infinite, is actually, scarce. Humans have already put excessive pressureRead MoreGroundwater Pollution and Drinking Water Scarcity Essay example1111 Words   |  5 PagesWe have the ability to provide clean water for every man, woman and child on the Earth. What has been lacking is the collective will to accomplish this. This is the commitment we need to make to the world. Jean-Michel Cousteau The Issue: Recently, the issue of drinking water quality has become a matter of great importance. Hydrogeologists and water resource managers have realized that the increased demand for drinking water, due to population growth, has placed a huge burden on ourRead MoreA Brief Note On Water Scarcity Of India1413 Words   |  6 Pages Geography inquiry Water scarcity in India Flora Leung What is water scarcity? Water scarcity is the phenomenon describing the lack of water sources or the lack of access to safe and clean water. Water scarcity is happening all over the world. Nearly 1 billion people in the world were suffering from it. In the world Asia is one of the continents, which is serious suffering from water scarcity. The countries that are facing serious water scarcity in Asia are concentrated in South Asia and IndiaRead MoreWater Scarcity Is A Lack Of Tolerable1286 Words   |  6 PagesWater scarcity is defined as a lack of tolerable, available amount of water a region possesses. Water scarcity is occurring all around the world and nothing is being done about it. An article What is Water Scarcity? states that about one billion people do not have access to clean water (Conserve Energy Future). Since there are only about seven billion people on planet Earth and one billion of that population cannot access clean water that means roughly fourteen percent of the human race is sufferingRead MoreEffects Of Climate Change On China1494 Words   |  6 PagesIn addition, not only does Beijing face water scarcity due to an increase in water demand and water pollution, but climate change also affects the access to water. Climate change can have impacts on the availability and quality of water due to â€Å"altering precipitation patterns, increasing the intensity of extreme events, raising water temperatures, and accelerating the melting of snow and glaciers† (Pitt, 2000, p. 87). Although the country of China can be known as one of the major emitters of green

Adolecent Behavior In The School Environment Essay Example For Students

Adolecent Behavior In The School Environment Essay George Fischer Middle School is a large school and has students attending from six Putnam County towns and two Dutchess County towns. On the average, the graduating class has close to 500 students and the typical class has 32 students attending. The school has two cafeterias in order to accommodate its large student population, one cafeteria to provide for fifth and sixth graders, and another for seventh and eighth graders. Interesting enough, the different classes do not attend lunch together, in other words, seventh and eighth graders do not attend lunch together nor fifth and sixth graders. Again I assume this is strictly do to the large population of this school. I entered the school at the start of the day, I considered this to be to my advantage, therefor not standing out so much among the huddles of people gathered outside the school building. It can be said that the students appearances varied somewhat, but a whole it remained within a certain unspoken code. The girls wore their hair long-shoulder length or longer, and had it tied back in a pony-tail or very straight. Some were in skirts (slightly above knee level)-all were either corduroy or floral material. Most of the girls though were in jeans and hip length sweaters and wore tennis-sneakers or the clunky type shoes which are all the fashion now. All the girls I saw wore earrings, mostly the small dangling type and often they had two holes pierced. Most of the girls wore make-up, mostly lipstick and eye-shadow, although it was not excessive. The boys all seemed to be in clothes that were least five sizes too big. It consisted primarily of one of these two clothing options: extra-large sweater overlapping a thermal-type shirt, with jeans that were just short of slipping to the ground or extra-large flannel overlapping a thermal-type shirt, with jeans that were just short of slipping to the ground. A close second to this dressing trend for boys was the sweater and jeans/sweater and khakis style, although nowhere near as prominent. Nearly all of the boys wore their hair short, most frequently with the back cut close to the nape of the neck and the top gelled. Some had earrings (both hoop and stud types were observed) and many wore neclaces-either choker chain or hemp styles. All of the boys seemed to be wearing sneakers of endless varieties, and most in the one-hundred dollar range. Aside from these primary gender fashions, there were those who differed. A few of the girls had short hair, a few of the boys grew the top of their hair long. Some of the kids were in clothing that seemed out-dated in comparison to their piers, and even had the appearance of being passe d down from an older sibling. For example, not being in this seasons color or style. There were also those students, primarily boys, that were in football or basketball jerseys or jackets that sported the schools name or mascott. I did note a few girls wearing a football jacket, incidentally with boys names on the front. It was easy to note from these observations that generally, clothing was an outward indicator to distinguish among the various social groups. The clothing the students wore was an immediate indication to various social groups, being that it is a visual observation. It can be said that this is a common factor even in the adult world, but not once did I note a poorly dressed student socializing with a student that was in an athletic jacket or a student that was fashion-forward. It was during the lunch period that I figured I could make distinctions among social groups most accurately At first entering the cafeteria, it was much as I remembered, even much like college. The volume was high and immediately I noticed the groups forming, again this is something which does extend into the later teens, and even into adulthood, but here I was observing a much more rigid standard. There didnt appear to be any casual socializing among different groups (except in one situation which I will mention). The first group I noticed was the jock group, I most likely noted them first because this was the group that I was part of during my teenage years. All of the boys were sporting either baseball, football, or basketball jersey and/or jacket. The girls were all of the cheerleader type, many of them also wearing athletic jackets. An interesting thing to note was that this group was tightly packed together, even when every apparent inch of the table was filled, if another one of their-own came over a chair was pulled up. It almost appeared comical, especially since a near by table was almost vacant. I noted that this group was the most vocal, and drew the most atte ntion. As I remarked earlier, there was one exception to visual social groups intermingling. It was with the jock group and a group that was fashoin-forward. Often I noted that the jock table and a near-by table (also tightly packed, but to a lesser extent) of fashion-forward kids mingling. I judged by appearance, that this group was probably considered the good-looking kids table (a standard set primarily due to having the latest haircut or wardrobe). This table along with the jock table collectively formed the popular crowd. If a cafeteria aide had to yell a someone for throwing food, it was from one of these tables. If there was a sudden out bursts of laughter it was from one of these tables, and often from both together. Even one girl from the jock table got up during lunch to walk around and obtain signatures to nominate herself as a candidate for an up-comming student election. Far off in the back of the cafeteria was another group. As a matter of fact, I even had to relocate my position somewhat in order to observe them better. This group was an all boy group. They were somewhat smaller in size than the jock group, and dressed in clothing that was neither horrible or forward. I suppose you could say that fashion didnt seem to be as vital to this group as it did to the popular crowd. They were collectively talking about the Star Wars trilogy, and laughed amongst themselves, and at a much lesser volume than those mentioned earlier. At one point one of them opened up a text book and motioned to his neighbor to do the same, and then compared answers. There was a table of girls that also appeared to fit within this groups criteria. They were not dressed in the fashion of the now and also were working on school work. They were seated in the rear of the cafeteria as well. Interesting enough, neither this group and its apparent male counterparts socialized with one another during the lunch period. When I later returned to the cafeteria during another section of eighth grade lunch, I noted, much to my surprise, that groups with similar styles occupied the very spots where these groups chose. The rest of the cafeteria was inhabited by small groups of four or five, primarily consisting of the average student, without any outstanding characteristics. And of course, there were the kids that just sat alone. Black Pawn: White Pawn EssayAdolescent egocentrisim is defined as the inability for teenagers to differentiate between what is important to themselves and what is important to others. Two boys sitting in front of me were preparing to take a test. The one boy said Damn, I died on that last test, if I fail this one I swear my father is going to beat my ass. The other boy said, God, dont I know it, I bombed the last one The first boy then said, No dude, you dont know. What are you sayin, I did just as bad on that test. The first boy then raised his voice and said, No man, you just dont get it- I cant fail. I chose one girl and one boy to observe closely for thirty minutes. The girl I chose I noticed right away. She was sitting in the cafeteria alone. She had long brown hair and was wearing jeans and a t-shirt. She was an average looking girl and looked as if she may felt a little awkward. For the first fifteen minuets of lunch she flipped endlessly through her binder, and occasionally took out a piece of paper to read, or to draw on. She never lifted her head up to look around the cafeteria, or to make any eye contact with anyone for that matter. It was at this point that I noticed that this girl didnt have a lunch with her and never even got up to go get a lunch. I really felt bad for her, she didnt seem to be very happy or comfortable so I dont think that she was alone by choice. I wanted to go over and say hi to her by the end of the period, but I never did. About five minutes before the end of lunch this girl got up from her seat and went to wait by the cafeteria door, and as soon as the cafeteria aide would let her, she left. Many of the other kids were slow to leave and often had to be told a few times to get up from their tables. The boy I observed was recommended to me by the principle himself. This being because the principle felt this student reminded him of me when I was fourteen. I arrived to the classroom before any of the students had and the principle re-introduced to an English teacher I once had. He told me the students name and where he sat in the class. When the students finally entered, the teacher told them that I was a student aide and not to mind me. Within seconds of seeing this boy I realized why he was recommended. He was in the obvious popular crowd, although he did have a certain identity of his own. While his friends were talking aimlessly among their own clicuqe, he talked to not only his clicque but outsiders as well. Another key observation was that he made eye contact with everyone he spoke with whereas his peers were much more easily distracted in conversation. He carried himself in a maturelike fashion as well. He wasnt loud, or needing to be the center of attention, although conve rsation was often directed his was. But despite this mature demeanor, he still had theNotorious adolescent vocabulary. When the teacher asked for silence, he responded, whereas a few of his friends still wanted to continue conversation. One situation that was particularly notable was when the students were assigned to depict parts of the sentence structure on the board. Many of his friends joked around when they were in front of the class and had to be told to focus on the task, whereas he went straight to work when his turn was called. Another thing worth mentioning was that when a not-so-popular student was called to the board, many of my subjects friends were quick to make fun, and he didnt take part. I am not going to say that he told them to shut-up, or anything near as admirable, but during a time when conformity is very important, this boy took a very passive approach. Of the two subjects that I studied I noted that both had characteristics of the normal adolescent, although in very different ways. The girl displayed behavior that is associated with the imaginary audience. She was very self-conscious, afraid to look around in fear that others might note that she was alone and be the target of their ridicule. I also believe that she is currently in the stage of role confusion, she seems to have doubts about identity and is withdrawn from others almost completly. The boy on the other hand, seemed to be very well adjusted, even more than the average student. I believe that he is at a point of identity achievement, he defiantly appeared to have a higher self-esteem, he had a balance of relationships with his peers and was able to committ himself to tasks that were required of him. I think the George Fischer school is providing a positive learning environment. The two classrooms both used various techniques to encourage self-development. For example, the teacher at one point had the students work in groups that were formed by him. This not only eliminated students from being left out, but it also encouraged students to get to know one another. Along with this, the value of working with each other towards a common goal was also enforced. Another advantage is that the students attend this school from fifth to eighth grade, therefor eliminating a transition into a junior high school at a time when adolescents are most awkward and insecure with themselves The school also offered various different classes depending on students needs, for example a student that may not have been in a stage of formal operations had different class options then say that of a student in post formal operations. This students were not required to remain within this tract, but instead coul d be reassigned the next year. As a whole, I found this schools

Reducing Racism in the University of Alberta and University of York

The aspect of racism in institutions of higher learning is dealt with in its early stages considering that the universities shape the discourse of the society as a major agent of socialization. Perpetuation of racism in these two institutions discussed has consequences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reducing Racism in the University of Alberta and University of York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having received appointment from the Alberta provincial government to reduce racism in Alberta there are two institutions, which would receive first priority in this matter. The first institution is the University of Alberta, which is a major institution, and it is one of the areas in Alberta with high concentration of the minorities because either the minority populations come here for further studies or they work within the city of Alberta. The other institution, which would receive priority, is the University of Y ork, which is an institution accused by certain quarters of having racist environment, and even one of its student’s newspapers had a series of jokes that are termed as racist. These two institutions are of strategic importance in the adoption and implementation of measures and policies against racism (Kobayashi, 2003). After choosing the institutions, the second step as person appointed to reduce racism would be in ensuring that the environment in those institutions is accommodative to students or any other minority person. The environment in this case regards the people and the surroundings such as the policies and the institutions rules and regulations. Fortunately, currently there are no rules in both institutions described as discriminatory. Therefore, the most important thing would be ensuring that the rules are followed and no one is allowed to discriminate based on race. In addition, it is a well-known fact that racism develops because of ignorance of other peopleâ₠¬â„¢s culture and lack of non-biased interaction. To deal with this unawareness of other people’s culture the first step will involve introducing a compulsory and examinable unit called multiculturalism that will involve studying literature from all over the world especially from Africa and Asia. This will be necessary in providing the students with the necessary information about other races. Interaction is also a major aspect of dealing with racism. Ensuring that there is constancy and in this case, positive contact with people from different races is a major issue in reducing racism. There should be a policy where student’s distribution in hostels is in a manner that promotes integration and interaction between people of different races. This means that for every one black student there will be five white students in that hostel. This will ensure the white students will interact with the black students. Lecturers will also participate in this program by creating gro up tasks and assignments, where these groups will incorporate students from all races. This cooperation of working together to handle tasks and assignments will go a long way in reducing racism (Bonita Dua, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a way of reducing racism, the students will also participate in co curricula activities where these activities will be in teams. These will be important in creating an atmosphere of multicultural awareness, which leads to appreciation of diversity. Activities such as music festivals and art festivals where students from different racial background come with their art or their music and present it to others in a non-biased environment will ensure significant reduction of racism. Racism in the two universities will be rampant and dealing with it calls for positive appreciation of other people irrespective of their color or background. These views need adoption early in life so that it will not be hard to appreciate others later in life. Racism in University faculties that focus on colored lecturers need containment because they are also entitled to freedom and right of appreciation just like other members of faculty. These essays look into the mechanisms adopted by Grant Mc Ewan in an effort to reduce racism. This other part will deal the measures, which the staff will adopt to deal with racism and in the university faculties and departments of Grant Mc Ewan University. The first measure for adoption in an attempt to achieve racial equity is to ensure that there is racial representation in the university faculties and departments. This representation is important in ensuring that the voices and opinions of minorities receive attention. Without proper representation, the discriminative actions are likely to continue in the university. The issue of discriminatory actions taken against the staff or the students who are colored needs evaluation. This is because there is a tendency for the minority to feel that they are being discriminated by the education board especially because there is no one of their color in those boards. Therefore, to eliminate such feelings, the disciplinary committee of Grant Mc Ewan University needs an overhaul or to include colored person in that committee. This will ensure that there is fairness of judgment and the suspension or any disciplinary action taken against a student is not based on color. This will ensure that the cases of indiscipline from colored students especially from black community reduce significantly (Bonita Dua, 2000). The university should also adopt policies to criminalize acts of racism. This is very important in ensuring that the environment is for everyone and there is no one who is endangered or threatened based on race. Issues such as racial graffiti threatening with an intention to demean students or lecturers of any race require little o r no tolerance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reducing Racism in the University of Alberta and University of York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Disciplinary measures should be taken against anyone who is perpetrating such activities. This is because such graffiti or racially biased messages and threats affect the learning environment and increase racial tension between students of different races (Bonita Dua, 2000). The need to recognize students and lecturers that have contributed in the world of academia is very important in reducing racial discrimination in Mc Ewan University. This is because the colored staff indicates that their papers are not appreciated like those of white lecturers. They are criticized, which indicate that their papers are political, or racially inclined especially when they are about social issues. The University has to put in place policies that entitle everyone to unbiased criti que especially on academic journals (Bonita Dua, 2000). Race based statistics or studies with an aim of portraying one race of community as lesser than the others require abolishment. Positive studies that aim at promoting cohesion and interrelationship between people of different races need applause and encouragement. The lack of unbiased studies is one of the major reasons why stereotypes concerning race still exist (Bonita Dua, 2000). The leadership policies in the university also require changes. The changes are usually in writing but their implementations take a long time. They involve the need to ensure that leaders of department and faculties are chosen because of merit rather than race. There have been cases where competent lecturers who would have played such roles did not receive appointment and their juniors in terms of experience and achievements were appointed based on their race. This promotes racial biasness and racial tension within an institution (Bonita Dua, 200 0). The minorities also need platforms where their opinions and feelings receive attention and expression just like anyone’s feelings, ideas, and thoughts. If it is in a student’s magazine, it should be mandatory for such a magazine to have a writer from the minority community especially the black community. In addition, such platforms need prohibition from use as a basis or a platform of perpetrating racial hatred and bias (Bonita Dua, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The institution should also have literature and books, which represent racial equity and the library, should not have only European literature and books. The literature from other parts of the world should be available to provide the necessary environment, which is multicultural and does not discriminate anyone (Bonita Dua, 2000). Racism in university faculties shows the gravity of racism in Canada as a whole as one would expect that the university is a place where the intellectuals shape the society. Reports of racism are indeed worrying as they show how racism is prevalent in the gutter. The above recommendations are necessary in creation of an equitable society with no discrimination. Racism permeates every aspect of Canadian education. One would expect that the education system as a major agent of socialization would be the last in perpetuation of racism. However, there are many instances where the school curriculum promotes racism. This topic is compelling because Canada just as most of the developed nations all over the world has endowment of people from all over the world. Some are the majority, indigenous people, minorities, as well as immigrants. It is therefore important to address the issue, which affects them all. Therefore, it is imperative to see how racism permeates Canadian educational institutions. The education systems are very important as the agents of socialization other than family and religion. The concepts, which are acquired in school, have a great influence on perceptions and interactions with others (Kobayashi, 2003). A number of things evidence the issue of racism in Canadian education. The first evidence of this bias is the literature studies in schools. This literature establishes biased notions which are transmitted to students at a young age and if they are not corrected this is the meaning they will live with. Books such as merchant of Venice have bias against some races such as the Jews through portrait of Shylock and against blacks through the portrait of the prince of Morocco (Kobayashi, 2003). The curriculum development in Canada is one of the perpetrators of racism in the country. This is because much of the literature provided is racial with an intention to portray some races positively in comparison with others. One cannot therefore explain why there is no literature authored by a black person, which has ever been mandatory for the students’ curricula. This means that the curriculum does not expose the black lifestyle and value to the other cultures. This is not because that there are no aspects of the culture, which are not worth of study, but it is because the formulators of the curriculum are racially biased (Kobayashi, 2003). There are stereotypes, which students come with from home and are preconceived notions of how an individual will behave based on race. When students and teachers come to school with such notions and the school authorities go ahead and declare such notions as the tr uth, the reality is that racism will still thrive. Examples of such notions include blacks are criminals, the indigenous people are alcoholics and that the whites are superior. When the teacher or the school does not provide avenue for students from different races to interact with each other and do away with such notions, they will engrave the notions in the mind of the students (Kobayashi, 2003). In the institutions of higher learning, there is a tendency to provide or to hold surveys based on race. These race-based surveys perpetrate racism especially when they are intended to show that one race is superior or inferior to the other. The discourse of race is one of the issues in many countries and it requires sobriety in dealing with it in an effective way. This essay has discussed various ways of minimizing racism and promoting multiracial coexistence in the schools. Overhauling the whole school curriculum and adopting a multicultural curriculum will certainly make the young chil dren appreciate people from all races without bias. The ways of dealing with racism have always existed but putting those policies and recommendations seems easier said than done. Self-will and the ability to accept everyone as equal irrespective of color or background are the most important virtues, which will help the implementation of such policies. References Bonita, L. Dua, E. (2000). Challenging white hegemony in university classrooms: Whose Canada is it? Ellington: Atlantis. Kobayashi, A. (2003). GPC ten years on: Is self-reï ¬â€šexivity enough? A Journal of Feminist Geography, 10(3), 345–349. This essay on Reducing Racism in the University of Alberta and University of York was written and submitted by user Doctor Spectrum to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Speeches of Eisenhower and Kennedy essays

Speeches of Eisenhower and Kennedy essays In January 1961, Dwight Eisenhower's presidency was coming to an end, and the nation was preparing for the new administration of John Kennedy. Within a week of each other, the two men both made addresses to the nation – Eisenhower made a farewell speech, and Kennedy delivered his inaugural address. There were significant similarities and differences in the speeches. While both men understood that the Cold War would be a national priority for the foreseeable future, they also saw the risks posed by a global military buildup – albeit from different perspectives. Finally, Eisenhower focused some of his address on domestic issues, while Kennedy spent his entire address talking in more global terms. One area of similarity between the Eisenhower and Kennedy addresses is that both men recognized the lasting threats posed by the Cold War, although neither man directly referenced the Soviet Union. Eisenhower, as a general and then president, saw the Iron Curtain descend across Europe and how the Soviet influence was spreading around the globe. This was an active and volatile situation inherited by Kennedy, and both Eisenhower and Kennedy made it clear in their addresses that they expected the conflict to be a dominating presence during Kennedy's pending presidency and beyond. Looking forward, Eisenhower reflected that the achievement of America's "noble goals" was being "persistently threatened by the conflict now engulfing the world." If there was any doubt that Eisenhower was talking about the spread of communism, he erased that by describing the "hostile ideology" as "atheistic in character," which is a key tenet of communism. Eisenhower warned that America was going to have to confront the threat for years, even going so far as to say it "promises to be of indefinite duration." He was girding America for a protracted struggle, a strategy that was also used by Kennedy. First, Kennedy makes clear throughout his address that he unde...

The Enormous Bronze Age Shang Dynasty Capital of Yin

The Enormous Bronze Age Shang Dynasty Capital of Yin Anyang is the name of a modern city in Henan Province of eastern China that contains the ruins of Yin, the massive capital city of the late Shang Dynasty (1554 -1045 BC). In 1899, hundreds of ornately carved tortoise shells and ox scapulas called oracle bones were found in Anyang. Full-scale excavations began in 1928, and since then, investigations by Chinese archaeologists have revealed nearly 25 square kilometers (~10 square miles) of the enormous capital city. Some of the English-language scientific literature refers to the ruins as Anyang, but its Shang Dynasty residents knew it as Yin. Founding Yin Yinxu (or the Ruins of Yin in Chinese) has been identified as the capital Yin described in Chinese records such as the Shi Ji, based on the inscribed oracle bones which (among other things) document the activities of the Shang royal house. Yin was founded as a small residential area on the south bank of the Huan River, a tributary of the Yellow River of central China. When it was founded, an earlier settlement called Huanbei (sometimes referred to as Huayuanzhuang) was located on the north side of the river. Huanbei was a Middle Shang settlement built around 1350 BC, and by 1250 covered an area of approximately 4.7 sq km (1.8 sq km), surrounded by a rectangular wall.​ An Urban City But in 1250 BC, Wu Ding, the 21st king of the Shang Dynasty {ruled 1250-1192 BC], made Yin his capital. Within 200 years, Yin had expanded into an enormous urban center, with an estimated population of somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 people. The ruins include more than 100 pounded earth palace foundations, numerous residential neighborhoods, workshops and production areas, and cemeteries. The urban core of Yinxu is the palace-temple district at the core called Xiaotun, covering approximately 70 hectares (170 acres) and located at a bend in the river: it may have been separated from the rest of the city by a ditch. More than 50 rammed earth foundations were found here in the 1930s, representing several clusters of buildings which had been built and rebuilt during the citys use. Xiaotun had an elite residential quarter, administrative buildings, altars, and an ancestral temple. Most of the 50,000 oracle bones were found in pits in Xiaotun, and there were also numerous sacrificial pits containing human skeletons, animals, and chariots. Residential Workshops Yinxu is broken into several specialized workshop areas that contain evidence of jade artifact production, the bronze casting of tools and vessels, pottery making, and bone and turtle shell working. Multiple, massive bone and bronze working areas have been discovered, organized into a network of workshops that were under the control of a hierarchical lineage of families. Specialized neighborhoods in the city included Xiamintun and Miaopu, where bronze casting took place; Beixinzhuang where bone objects were processed; and Liujiazhuang North where serving and storage pottery vessels were made. These areas were both residential and industrial: for example, Liujiazhuang contained ceramic production debris and kilns, interspersed with rammed-earth house foundations, burials, cisterns, and other residential features. A major road led from Liujiazhuang to the Xiaotun palace-temple district. Liujiazhuang was likely a lineage-based settlement; its clan name was found inscribed on a bronze seal and bronze vessels in an associated cemetery. Death and Ritual Violence at Yinxu Thousands of tombs and pits containing human remains have been found at Yinxu, from massive, elaborate royal burials, aristocratic graves, common graves, and bodies or body parts in sacrificial pits. Ritual mass killings particularly associated with royalty were a common part of Late Shang society. From the oracle bone records, during Yins 200-year occupation more than 13,000 humans and many more animals were sacrificed. There were two types of state-supported human sacrifice documented in the oracle bone records found at Yinxu. Renxun or human companions referred to family members or servants killed as retainers at the death of an elite individual. They were often buried with elite goods in individual coffins or group tombs. Rensheng or human offerings were massive groups of people, often mutilated and decapitated, buried in large groups for the most part lacking grave goods. Rensheng and Renxun Archaeological evidence for human sacrifice at Yinxu is found in pits and tombs found across the entire city. In residential areas, sacrificial pits are small in scale, mostly animal remains with human sacrifices relatively rare, most with only one to three victims per event, although occasionally they had as many as 12. Those discovered at the royal cemetery or in the palace-temple complex have included up to several hundred human sacrifices at once. Rensheng sacrifices were made up of outsiders, and are reported in the oracle bones to have come from at least 13 different enemy groups. Over half of the sacrifices were said to have come from Qiang, and the largest groups of human sacrifices reported on the oracle bones always included some Qiang people. The term Qiang may have been a category of enemies located west of Yin rather than a particular group; little grave goods have been found with the burials. Systematic osteological analysis of the sacrifices has not been completed as of yet, but stable isotope studies among and between sacrificial victims were reported by bioarchaeologist Christina Cheung and colleagues in 2017; they found that the victims were indeed nonlocals. It is possible that rensheng sacrifice victims may have been slaves before their deaths; oracle bone inscriptions document the enslavement of the Qiang people and chronicling their involvement in productive labor. Inscriptions and Understanding Anyang Over 50,000 inscribed oracle bones and several dozen bronze-vessel inscriptions dated to the Late Shang period (1220-1050 BC) have been recovered from Yinxu. These documents, together with later, secondary texts, were used by British archaeologist Roderick Campbell to document in detail the political network at Yin. Yin was, like most Bronze Age cities in China, a kings city, built to the order of the king as a created center of political and religious activity. Its core was a royal cemetery and palace-temple area. The king was the lineage leader, and responsible for leading rituals involving his ancient ancestors and other living relations in his clan. In addition to reporting political events such as the numbers of sacrificial victims and to whom they were dedicated, the oracle bones report the kings personal and state concerns, from a toothache to crop failures to divination. Inscriptions also refer to schools at Yin, perhaps places for literacy training, or perhaps where trainees were taught to maintain divination records. Bronze Technology The Late Shang dynasty was at the apex of bronze making technology in China. The process used high-quality molds and cores, which were pre-cast to prevent shrinkage and breaking during the process. The molds were made of a fairly low percentage of clay and an accordingly high percentage of sand, and they were fired before use to produce a high resistance to thermal shock, low thermal conductivity, and a high porosity for adequate ventilation during casting. Several large bronze foundry sites have been found. The largest identified to date is the Xiaomintun site, covering a total area of over 5 ha (12 ac), up to 4 ha (10 ac) of which have been excavated. Archaeology in Anyang To date, there have been 15 seasons of excavations by Chinese authorities since 1928, including the Academia Sinica, and its successors the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. A joint Chinese-American project conducted excavations at Huanbei in the 1990s. Yinxu was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006. Sources Campbell Roderick  B, Li Z, He Y, and Jing Y. 2011. Consumption, exchange and production at the Great Settlement Shang: bone-working at Tiesanlu, Anyang. Antiquity 85(330):1279-1297.Cheung C, Jing Z, Tang J, Weston DA, and Richards MP. 2017. Diets, social roles, and geographical origins of sacrificial victims at the royal cemetery at Yinxu, Shang China: New evidence from stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 48:28-45.Flad R. 2016. Urbanism as technology in early China. Archaeological Research in Asia 2016/09/29.Jin ZY, Wu YJ, Fan AC, Yue ZW, Li G, Li SH, and Yan LF. 2015. Luminescence study of the initial, pre-casting firing temperatures of clay mould and core used for bronze casting at Yinxu (13c. BC~11c. BC). Quaternary Geochronology 30:374-380.Smith AT. 2010. The evidence for scribal training at Anyang. In: Li F, and Prager Banner D, editors. Writing and Literacy in Early China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p 172 -208. Sun W-D, Zhang L-P, Guo J, Li C-Y, Jiang Y-H, Zartman RE, and Zhang Z-F. 2016. Origin of the mysterious Yin-Shang bronzes in China indicated by lead isotopes. Scientific Reports 6:23304.Wei S, Song G, and He Y. 2015. The identification of binding agent used in late Shang Dynasty turquoise-inlayed bronze objects excavated in Anyang. Journal of Archaeological Science 59:211-218.Zhang H, Merrett DC, Jing Z, Tang J, He Y, Yue H, Yue Z, and Yang DY. 2016. Osteoarchaeological Studies of Human Systemic Stress of Early Urbanization in Late Shang at Anyang, China. PLOS ONE 11(4):e0151854.Zhang H, Merrett DC, Jing Z, Tang J, He Y, Yue H, Yue Z, and Yang DY. 2017. Osteoarthritis, labour division, and occupational specialization of the Late Shang China - insights from Yinxu (ca. 1250-1046 B.C.). PLOS ONE 12(5):e0176329.

Evidence Based Youth Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Evidence Based Youth Policy - Essay Example The necessity for systematic investigation on youth issues headed to an array of activities within the Council of Europe. The "Recommendation 92 (7)" of the Committee of Ministers specifies three broad objectives for youth policy. The White Paper of Commission "A new impetus for European youth" deals elaborately about the priorities of youths and proposes following objectives: For timely, sustainable and efficient policy making, it is necessary to formulate a qualitative, relevant and coherent knowledge in the youth area in Europe and anticipate future requirement through dialogue, exchange and networks; Identify - including at regional and local level - knowledge in priority field of the youth area namely, information, participation and voluntary activities and carry out measures to update, supplement and ease access to it; In next stage identify - including at regional and local level - knowledge in more important field of interest to the youth area, like health, employment, education and training, non-formal learning, fight against discrimination, and carry out measures to update, supplement and ease access to it; In 2003 European Commission and Council of Europe agreed to increase co-operation for evolving a better and common knowledge basis in the youth area by gathering research knowledge and networking in order to enhance educational practice and European youth policy. On the basis of the above guidelines Malta formulated a National Youth Policy in 2004. It incorporated various aspects of young people field such as social, personal, spiritual and political development of youth within a holistic perspective. In other words, the youth policy is meant to encourage an integrated manner, youth's social, economic and cultural positions, like access to advice and information, education, employment, health, housing and leisure. The final goal of this National Youth Policy is to promote youth participation in society and to train them for a dynamic form of citizenship. The State (Republic of Malta) recognises the role of the National Youth Council (an autonomous body representing youth organisations), Youth Studies Programme (University of Malta), Youth Centres, Non-Governmental Organisations and other youth groups. This national youth policy sets a broad parameter within which young people work should be accomplished. In general, the term 'evidence based youth policy' refers to a practice that has been adopted after evaluating it with rigorous scientific techniques, particularly experimental studies utilising random assignment and is applicable on young people between the ages of 14 - 30. However, Malta's National Youth Policy also recognises various stages of youth, from pre-adolescence to adulthood. The term 'disadvantaged youths' means those young people who faces discrimination due to their socio-economic, religious, health or educational backgrounds. This policy has a holistic approach of youth aspirations and development but here we shall focus to State's policy in the field of health. Health The State follows a holistic perspective of health which does not only incorporate therapy and cure but also primary health care, promotion and prevention. It contains the broader spectrum of mental, physical and

Forumlaw3 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forumlaw3 - Article Example These seriously required services vary from housekeeping and friend mind to help with individual care such as bathing, tie up, toileting, and consumption. I selected this agency because it plays a definitely immense task filling gaps in residence concern services not sheltered below expert concern. Inexperienced house care services like individual care help or additional works such as catering and cleaning help is frequently what may be required by majority for them to stay in their homes (Davis, 1975). The type of disputes presented to the body includes denial of shelter or housing, and personal care such as provision of clean drinking water and garbage collection. The administrative dispute resolution process begins with the compliant presenting a written request to the department for it to evaluate the decision. The official demand must be faxed or emailed within thirty days after the no-medical house department had completed its inquiry. It is essential that the process of appeal begins only after a complaint makes an official request to the department to evaluate its decision or choice. Further, the resolution dispute process of the agency involves the use of trial-type hearing to decide facts in disputes between parties and it also uses formal adjudication in dispute resolution. This is what many in our society consider as the only or paramount way to resolve dispute (Davis, 1975). Matters can be brought to court instead of the agency when the topic is jurisdiction and there are only two kinds of suitcases thus cases that occur under a national law. Federal region judges have issue of authority if your case is based on any federal law or an issue of mixture citizenship. The matter can be brought to the court in case the parties involved are not willing to agree on a common stand. I agree with the sentiment that the administrative dispute resolution process starts with the compliant presenting a formal request to the department for it to

Understanding Action Verbs Essay Example for Free

Understanding Action Verbs Essay Introduction NEBOSH carefully describe the ‘action verbs’ which are used within their examination questions. The reason for this is that they tell the candidate sitting the examination the depth of answer that is required. Candidates are asked to remember that if the question asks them to state something and they then produce a lengthy explanation, they will probably get marks, but may well have wasted time and effort and may end up running out of time at the end of the examination period. Conversely, if candidates are asked to describe something and they give a list, they will most probably loose marks. If candidates do not give the depth of answer required, they makers will not be able to give candidates many of the marks allocated to the particular question. Answer length As a very rough guide (and people’s writing varies in size), NEBOSH expect about a page and a half for the 20 mark question, and about half a page for the 8 mark questions. The action verbs are varied so that you should have enough time to give a reasonable response. It is absolutely crucial that candidates are familiar with the action verbs used in NEBOSH examinations, and that they understand what they actually  mean, so that they can produce the types of answers required, and obviously gain the benefits of increased mark potential. Listed below are the action verbs, together with examples of the sort of depth each verb requires. However, candidates are reminded that the examples given are in no way a guarantee of finite examples of the questions that may arise. 3 Define Define – provide a generally recognised or accepted definition. e.g. Define the term ‘ergonomics’. Ergonomics is the study of the interaction between workers and the work environment. 4 Describe Describe – give a word picture. e.g. Describe FOUR effects on health safety that might result from inadequate lighting. Inadequate lighting may cause a variety of effects on health and safety. 1. When using display screen equipment, inadequate lighting causes the eye muscles to work harder, this may cause headaches, temporary fatigue and even eyestrain. 2. Inadequate lighting may lead to increased levels of stress experience by workers as they may have to concentrate more on the work than would be required with a reasonable level of lighting being provided. 3. If lighting levels are poor, workers may not be aware of hazards at floor level, which may result in increased numbers of slips, trips and falls. 4. Workers who have inadequate lighting levels for the task they are carrying out may produce errors. These errors may, as a consequence, result in risks to their own health and safety or that of others. 5 Explain Explain – give a clear account of, or reasons for. e.g. Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to communicate health and safety information in the workplace. People respond differently to different stimuli. Some will notice written information more readily, whilst others will respond to pictorial information or audible stimuli. Therefore effective promotion of health safety information needs to take account of these differences, and a range of different media should be used. Examples would be: †¢ Posters, which incorporate pictures, †¢ Handouts, †¢ Memos, †¢ Briefings, †¢ Videos. Etc. The use of different methods prevents workers becoming over-familiar with the materials. If display materials are changed regularly, people are more likely to notice them. This helps to re-enforce the desired message. Variety also helps to stimulate interest and hopefully increase motivation. If different methods of communication are used, workers are given more opportunity to provide feedback, or become involved. Whilst some will  willingly feedback verbally, others may be daunted by speaking out, but may prefer to reply in writing. Providing both methods for feedback would hopefully reach a greater number of people and provide a greater opportunity for staff involvement. Finally, different types of information require different methods of communication e.g. a complex safe system of work is more likely to be understood if given in writing, discussed and demonstrated, whereas a change in Fire Marshall could be announced at a staff meeting or displayed by the fire action notice, maybe along with the persons photograph. 6 Give Give – provide without explanation (used normally with the instruction to ‘give an example of†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢). e.g. For each of the following types of hazardous substance, give a typical example i) Toxic ii) Corrosive iii) Carcinogenic iv) Irritant i) toxic – lead ii) corrosive – strong acids iii) carcinogenic – asbestos iv) irritant – detergents 7 Identify Identify – select and name. e.g. Identify the three types of asbestos commonly found in buildings. The three types of asbestos are i) White (chrysotile) ii) Brown (amosite) iii) Blue – crocidolite) 8 List List – provide a list without explanation. e.g. List EIGHT observations made during an inspection of a machine operation which may suggest that the machine has not been ergonomically designed. i) the need for the operator to use excessive force ii) the need for repetitive movements by the operator iii) the need for the operator to stretch or stoop iv) machine controls sited in awkward positions v) unmarked or poorly marked controls or displays where their functions are not obvious vi) lack of visibility of the task by the operator vii) the workpiece is difficult to position because of its size or weight viii) difficulty experienced in changing, adjusting or cleaning the machine tools. 9 Outline Outline – give the most important features of (less depth than either ‘explain’ or ‘describe’, but more depth than list. e.g. Outline the sources and possible effects of FOUR non-mechanical hazards commonly encountered in a woodworking shop. Several non-mechanical hazards could be present including: i) Dust from sanding and sawing operations, which could lead to lung disorders and possibly cancer. ii) Chemical hazards from varnishes and glues which could lead to dermatitis, irritation of the airways and drowsiness. iii) Noise, which could lead to noise-induced hearing loss, tinnitus and stress. iv) Manual handling hazards which could cause musculoskeletal disorders. 10 Sketch Sketch – provide a simple line drawing using labels to identify specific features. e.g. A pneumatic drill is to be used during extensive repair work to the floor of a warehouse. Identify, by means of a labelled sketch, THREE possible transmission paths the noise from the drill could take. 1. Reflected noise from walls surfaces 2. Directly through the air from drill to person 3. Transmission through the structure of the building 11 State State – a less demanding form of ‘define’, or where there is no generally recognised definition. e.g. State the shape and colour, and give a relevant example, of EACH of the following types of safety sign: i) prohibition iii) mandatory ii) warning iv) emergency escape or first-aid. i) Prohibition signs have a white background within a red circle and with a diagonal red line – for example a no smoking sign. ii) Warning signs have a yellow background within a black triangle – for example, signs used to warn against the hazards of flammable materials, radiation electricity. iii)

Quest For Certainty Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"The Quest for Certainty† The Seven Storey Mountain By Thomas Merton   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain, Thomas Merton explains how he sought to find certainty in his life through religion. Merton began the book by giving an overview of his early childhood. His father was from New Zealand and his mother was an American who lived in France. Both his father and mother were artists and did not earn much money. When his parents needed extra money, Merton’s father would do various jobs in order for the family to survive. For example, he would garden occasionally and he even played the organ at the local Episcopalian church for a short period of time. This church was the first that Merton would attend. He did not understand the rituals or the concept of prayer. This lack of understanding about churches or religion, for that matter, was contributed to the fact that he never received any formal religious training from his parents. It is evident that Merton’s mother was a Quaker, but she did not choose to involve her family in the faith. Early in Thomas’s life, his mother died from stomach cancer. From this point on, Thomas would spend some of his time living with his grandparents in New York and he would travel part-time with his father to France. Merton had a fascination with the numerous cathedrals in France. Although he knew nothing about the monastic vocations or religious rules connected to the pictures in the cathedrals, hi...

Math Every Day

It occurs to me that learning mathematics, especially calculus and other forms of higher mathematics, is much like learning a foreign language. Math starts out like a foreign language, having its own symbols, definitions, applications, and structures. It is difficult to use at first and requires repetition, like a new language. One needs to memorize symbols, their functions and many rules, and then one needs to practice by working many problems. Learners cannot be comfortable with new languages (mathematics) until they can use it repeatedly, consistently, and successfully. Calculus, or a new language, is already existent and the learner needs to adapt to it and work in it; the new material will not adapt to the learner. One learns a language by listening to others and by reading, using a dictionary, learning the language rules, and what breaks any or all of those rules. Calculus is similar. After much practice, students can communicate with others in their new language and expand their abilities with more practice and use, just as in mathematics. Those with a good foundation via formal instruction are clearly better at than those that pick it up here and there, intermittently.   The first can be understood and the second become lost. Less well-trained learners are limited in the range and layering of meaning their communication can involve and do not have the tools for even higher levels of language (mathematics) learning. A strong foundation prepares the new language speaker or the new calculus student for the next step in their subject’s discipline and for later innovation, research, and invention in that discipline. Mathematics and language are the same — They have formulas and patterns; they are communication and they are beautiful (e.g. fractal patterns and poetry). Perhaps this is the reason that the films â€Å"Close encounters of the third kind† used music (very mathematical) and â€Å"Contact† used mathematics as the forms of communication that proved successful between aliens and earth people.

Environmental Issues facing France

France The state my spouse and I chose is France. France is located between the Mediterranean sea on the sou'-east and is on the Continent, Europe. France was founded October 4, 1958 and was a mediaeval land from the western portion of West Francia. France is presently 57 old ages old. France began to set up settlements in North America such as India, Caribbean, Portuguese, and Spanish. France did hold bondage, and used them more viciously. They lawfully traded slaves until 1830 when Europe stopped. They kept it a secret until after the U.S Civil War. Every topographic point which is located around the universe have a list of statistics such as infant mortality rate, land country, and etc these statistics are called demographics. Land country is a measuring which measures the land in square units. The land country for France is 247, 367 sq. stat mis, or can be measured in kilometres squared which for France would be 640, 679 kilometer squared. A population size determines the figure of persons which live in a population. The population size of France was 66.03 during 2013, and the sum of people have escalated, and it is now 64 million in 2015. France has now become 0. 89 % of the universe populations entire, and has now gained rank figure 21 in the list of population sizes. Life anticipation determines to an norm that a individual may be expected to populate, and the mean age which a individual is expected to populate boulder clay in France is the age 83. During 1960 France had a population growing rate of 1.2 % , and it has decre ased to a growing rate of 0.5 % during 2013. hypertext transfer protocol: // World Wide Web. mtholyoke. edu / classs / rschwart / hist 255/ La / industrialisation. hypertext markup language hypertext transfer protocol: // World Wide Web. theodora. com / wfbcurrent / France / France _ geographics.hypertext markup language France is considered to be an industrialised state, but during the nineteenth century France had a much slower rate of going an industrialised state. How industrialisation started was piece by piece and was slower than any other European state, but since industrialisation was slow France was merely going used to agriculture, powered machinery, and mass production it was finally able to go considered industrialised. One environmental issue France faces is H2O pollution and is a serious issue. They produce about 18.7 million dozenss of waste every twelvemonth. About 1.5 people who live in France, have polluted tap H2O in their places. â€Å"According to the survey most deficient H2O in France is loaded with pesticides and nitrates from fertiliser and farm animal manure. That is the instance in 63 per centum of cases where places receive contaminated H2O – which represents around 900, 000 people.† This means they are imbibing H2O that is contaminated with many pollutants, and can kill them from diseases. Ever since 2012, 35 % of taint has fallen. Another thing is that when france’s clime alteration, there H2O has deficits. It will cut down the sum of fresh H2O that is presently available. Peoples that live in the country are n't imbibing clean H2O. France has been confronting H2O deficits since 1976. For illustration, there rivers are drying up due to the clime alteration, and can impact the people who live at that place. France has been besides confronting droubts, and that can take to serious fires. If this happens, the H2O will decline. It is told that in the summer, it will turn into a crisis. Last but non least, France has been sing acerb rain that is doing the H2O to go contaminated and polluted. If contacted, the acid can fire your tegument. So when this happens, it is go forthing chemicals in the H2O and can take to many environmental issues. hypertext transfer protocol: // World Wide Web. nationsencyclopedia. com / Europe / France – ENVIRONMENT. hypertext markup language Pollution is a planetary issue around the universe which has been endangering the Earth for a long period of clip up boulder clay this twenty-four hours. France is one of the many topographic points which release the most pollution, and due to this France has tried to alter many ways to halt pollution in this state. One of the many stairss which France is seeking to take in halting pollution is censoring autos. France has decided on censoring autos, and alternatively replacing it with motorcycles. A concern to many people in France is pollution, and many are either have oning scarfs, or face masks, because they are concerned about take a breathing in contaminated air. France has besides been concerned with how fast autos drive, and people which use autos as they are seeking to censor it, and warn the people of France that there is a big hazard of pollution. Decision While working on this undertaking I have been able to analyze about France, and be cognizant of the statistics of pollution, infant mortality, and etc. My spouse and I have been able to garner information in which we have ne'er knew before about France. I have been able to work on pollution, infant mortality, population, and etc. I have learned many things which I have ne'er knew about France, such as they are confronting a big pollution hazard. My spouse was able to work on other information on France such as environmental issues, and the basic information of France. While working on France for a group undertaking we have been able to understand the issues which France is facing, and the inside informations of France

Civil Rights Museum in Greensboro, NC

Civil Rights Museum in Greensboro, NC In early 1960s, there was a lot of discrimination in the United States of America such that the blacks and the whites could not mingle in public places such as restaurants. The civil rights museum in Greensboro was established as a reminder and in honor of the four students who were pioneers in fighting for civil rights. For the people who have never experienced racial discrimination, they would understand its real meaning when they visit this museum. This paper will provide some insights about the museum.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Rights Museum in Greensboro, NC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to records of history in 1960 there were four freshmen college students who decided to go against segregations rules and decided to sit in an area designated for whites. The four students were not of the same race and their names were Franklin McCain, Joseph Mcnail, Ezell Blair and David Richmond (O.Henr y Hotel 1). These four students are thought to have set the pace for a campaign dubbed the sitting in movement. Rothstein explains that the museum is inside Woolworth building in Greensboro, which is one of the oldest buildings in the city (1). The museum is usually open on all days of the week except from Mondays. The building is very spacious because it has food joints and conference facilities and as well as big rooms for people who wish to conduct training sessions from there. The building is ideal for its purpose because it represent the old days in so many ways, such as its architectural design. The museum was established in 1993 by Melvin Alston and Earl Jones. The museum has a committee of five members who are under the chairmanship of Melvin Alston. The chairman of the committee is assisted by a vice chairman, secretary, and the treasurer. The museum has a management board that is comprised of the board of the directors including the chairman. Once you enter the museum you are ushered in by the exhibition tour guides who take you through the exhibition by explaining the meaning of various artifacts found in the museum. Without these guides, visitors would not enjoy their visit because they would not understand how the artifacts were used which is crucial in understanding history. There are video recordings that explain the events that took place during the struggle against discrimination. There are photographs of the four students who pioneered the sit in movement that was shot as they were walking out of a restaurant that was designated for whites only. There is a photograph named ‘all men are equal’ that displays how racial discrimination took place in America. This photo shows four black Americans in a restaurant, perhaps one of those set aside for whites. There is also a film that features the Greensboro four, that is, the four freshmen students as they were discussing their experiences with segregation laws. This film is thought to h ave been an eye opener because it is said that they started their campaign after they were done with their discussion (Bringle 1). There is a display called ‘the hall of shame’ that shows how the African-Americans were mistreated from the slavery period until the segregation period. Besides, there is a wall dedicated to the people who died in the struggle for human rights.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The museum contains artifacts that tell more about historic happenings that are related to human right activism. Among the artifacts include a bus seat that bears the signature of an activist by the name Rosa parks. This seat implies that there were buses or seats that were designated for blacks and whites. There is a green book, travel guide, which was probably referred to by visitors in order to identify the guest houses and other amenities that were isolated fo r each race. There are so many artifacts but the most important thing is that they also tell the evolution in technology that has taken place. This is evidenced by the presence of a typewriter that is perceived to have been used by an African -American activist. Moreover, the kind of firearms used in those days is also portrayed by the photos. The artifacts demonstrate the skills of ancient people in painting, sculptures, and photography, among other disciplines. There is a gift shop within the museum that sells the artifacts to visitors who are willing to buy them. Original artifacts are normally expensive compared to imitations, but then most buyers do not know the difference between the two. The museum has really embraced technology because it has a website that contains its gift shop virtually. In addition to that, the visitors can book for their visits and obtain their tickets online through the use of the Internet. From the look of things, the activists have not yet ceased fro m fighting for equality among all the races that reside in America. This is because there are notices of upcoming events in the museum’s notice board that are used to remember those who died in the struggle for equality. At the end of the guided tour, every one was astonished to find out how our fore fathers were divided along racial lines. Of all the exhibits the one that really touched me was the seat that was signed by an activist. I could not imagine living in a world where some people think they are more special than others. In my view these segregations are the ones that triggered the campaigns against racial discrimination. Therefore, such historic places should be conserved for future generations. By this I mean that everything inside the museum plus the building should be safeguarded because they are the ones that help us to understand where we have come from and thus appreciate what we have achieved. Bringle, Jenifer. †Civil rights museum in Greensboro, N.C., Honors 1960 Protest at Lunch Counter.† The Washington Post. 21 Feb. 2010. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Rights Museum in Greensboro, NC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More O.Henry Hotel. International Civil Rights Center Museum, Greensboro. 2010. Web. Rothstein, Edward. †Four Men, a Counter and Soon, Revolution.† New York Times. 31 Jan. 2010. Web.

The Redstockings Womens Liberation Group

The Redstockings Women's Liberation Group The radical feminist group Redstockings was founded in New York in 1969. The name Redstockings was a play on the word bluestocking, adapted to include red, a color long associated with revolution and uprising. Bluestocking was an old term for a woman who had intellectual or literary interests, instead of the supposedly acceptable feminine interests. The word bluestocking had been applied with a negative connotation to 18th and 19th-century feminist women. Who Were the Redstockings? Redstockings formed when the 1960s group New York Radical Women (NYRW) dissolved. NYRW split up after disagreements about political action, feminist theory, and leadership structure. NYRW members began meeting in separate smaller groups, with some women choosing to follow the leader whose philosophy matched theirs. Redstockings was started by Shulamith Firestone and Ellen Willis. Other members included prominent feminist thinkers Corrine Grad Coleman, Carol Hanisch, and Kathie (Amatniek) Sarachild. Redstockings Manifesto and Beliefs The members of Redstockings firmly believed that women were oppressed as a class. They also asserted that the existing male-dominated society was inherently flawed, destructive, and oppressive. Redstockings wanted the feminist movement to reject the flaws in liberal activism and protest movements. Members said that the existing left perpetuated a society with men in positions power and women stuck in support positions or making coffee. The Redstockings Manifesto called for women to unite to achieve liberation from men as the agents of oppression. The Manifesto also insisted that women not be blamed for their own oppression. Redstockings rejected economic, racial, and class privileges and demanded an end to the exploitative structure of male-dominated society. The Work of Redstockings Redstockings members spread feminist ideas such as consciousness-raising and the slogan sisterhood is powerful. Early group protests included a 1969 abortion speak-out in New York. Redstockings members were appalled by a legislative hearing on abortion at which there were at least a dozen male speakers, and the only woman who spoke was a nun. To protest, they held their own hearing, where women testified about personal experiences with abortion. Redstockings Published a book called Feminist Revolution in 1975. It contained history and analysis of the feminist movement, with writings about what had been achieved and what the next steps would be. Redstockings now exists as a grassroots think tank working on Womens Liberation issues. Veteran members of Redstockings established an archive project in 1989 to collect and make available texts and other materials from the Womens Liberation movement.

Business Behavior in a Changing World II Coursework

Business Behavior in a Changing World II - Coursework Example Creativity is considered central to innovation, seen as a complex process. Issues surrounding knowledge diffusion and intellectual property rights discussed. Policy should align research (academia) and funds (industry) within a broad innovation policy. Organisational use of technology seen as means of improving social and economic conditions within the country. Costing of R&D is discussed, highlighting problems for organisational accounting, including long term focus and lack of outcome predictability. Annotation Several of Metcalf’s definitive assumptions need questioning. All developments are apparently driven and/or funded by industry, which does not allow for academic knowledge providing new insights from which innovation can stem. New technology is considered the basis of innovation, when existing technology can be used in different, innovative ways. Technology is assessed according to its economic value, ignoring the need for knowledge generation to enable technology cre ation. The distinction between science as academic and technology as practical is arbitrary and questionable. Innovation is seen as linear and cumulative, ignoring leaps in ideas and creativity generating new technologies. (196 words) Policy Reader Chapter 8: National Systems of Innovation Freeman, C. ... 1 pp.5-24 Overview Freeman provides historical context for the importance of local/national innovation systems, beginning with List’s interdependencies of resources and industry, science and education. List advocated state involvement for long-term policies relating to industry and the economy as national innovation systems. In-house R&D functions produced growth in research but highlighted the need for rapid knowledge diffusion for progress and the importance of qualitative and quantitative factors. Globalisation introduced nation variations leading to diverse outcomes and a global position built on local success. National innovation systems should involve policies for local innovation and diffusion and includes organisation and management changes. Annotation Freeman’s views, including the different histories, ignore the political effect on economics, giving different meaning to long-term. Long-term is relative and context-specific, not a national or global standard. T he process of innovation development is portrayed as logical and linear, which is unlikely. Using the past is no guide to a future which is already substantially different to 1995. Mention of economic geography links to Krugman’s ideas of free trade and developed and developing nations. No consideration is given to the social impacts of the dichotomy, nor the issue of potential exploitation of the developing by the developed. (194 words) Policy Reader Chapter 9: The Competitive Advantage of Nations Porter, M. E. (1990) ‘Chapter Nine – The Competitive Advantage of Nations’ in Suneja, V. (ed.) Policy Issues for Business: a Reader Sage/The Open University, London Porter, M. E. (1990) ‘The Competitive Advantage of Nations’ Harvard Business Review March/April pp.73-93 Overview Porter

Expanding an MNC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Expanding an MNC - Essay Example The company has a mission to satisfy the requirements of its customers. The cars manufactured by Excellent Motors are mainly light machine vehicles. The company offers cars within a wide range of price, targeting customers from middle income groups to high income groups as well. Excellent Motors have reported revenue growth over the years. In order to increase its business operations, the senior management of the company is considering expansion of the business into emerging markets. Question 2: Comparison Matrix for 3 emerging markets The three emerging markets chosen for expansion of business of Excellent Motors are China, India and Brazil. The comparison matrix for the three emerging markets is given as below: Environment China India Brazil Political The political environment in China is quite stable and has a political consensus for encouraging foreign automakers to invest in the Chinese economy. India has a multi-party political system with several opinions and intervention on t he policies of the government. Thus the political risk for expansion of the business is moderate. The political environment in Brazil is turbulent for the foreign automobile investors to invest in the country. The political risk of Brazil is on a higher side for expansion of the business. ... Due to the diverse set of sophisticated services, the foreign automakers have favored this destination. Legal & Regulatory China's legal and regulatory system has excessive number of clauses to be fulfilled by the foreign automakers which requires high startup cost and compliance cost. The legal and regulatory system of India allows moderate incentives for the foreign automakers to invest in India. There are several regulatory policies and laws on taxation for foreign automakers to invest in Brazil. Technological China is a country that has advanced technologies which would be beneficial for foreign automakers to invest in the country. India has made rapid progress in technological development due to the investments of foreign capitalists. The process for technology transfer required for investment by the foreign automakers in Brazil is relatively cumbersome. Ethical Chinese government has made ethical practices for business as mandatory criteria. The land has specific requirements f or foreign investors on ethical reporting and disclosures. The ethical standards for foreign investors in the automobile markets of India are moderate with requirements of true disclosure of business events. Brazil has also strengthened its requirements on ethical conduct of business by the foreign investors. Social responsibility The social responsibility activities of the foreign investors in China are viewed as positive contribution to the society in which they exist. The social responsibility acts of the foreign investors go a long way in creation of brand value for the companies in India. The social responsibility of the companies has helped the companies to increase their profitability in the long run. Cultural The

Orgninzational behaviour Leadership paper Research

Orgninzational behaviour Leadership - Research Paper Example I will use my motivational skills to extract the best from them to prove my competency. I will use my full intelligence and innovativeness to make each employee contribute the best to the company, happily. I will use my responsibility as a leader to make life easier for the people working under me and make them achieve new heights in their career at the same time. To be a leader is to be responsible. To be responsible for our own life and all others following us is no easy task. As an IT project manager in the banking sector and the only female to occupy the position in my team, I look forward to a bright future. My aim is to serve as a leader capable of creating a difference. I hope to put my business management skills to their best use and explore versatile fields in the future ending up as a project manager in a couple of years. I constantly keep updating my educational qualifications and developing my interpersonal skills to do the same effectively. There are so many things emplo yees expect from their leaders. Honesty and transparency are the basic foundation of good leadership. Competence and empathy are the best adornments for any leader. A caring leader not capable of inspiring the team to achieve the target will be of little use to the company as well as the employees. Similarly, a demanding one who does not care about his follower’s situation cannot create a trustworthy team. ... Being an example of what you want your followers to be is the first step towards successful leadership. The second step is motivating them or luring them with the benefits of being competent and perfect. The third step is to help them achieve the same by eliminating any problems they have. The main challenge is to win the trust of the employees and manage time effectively. So many followers doubt the leaders who take extra care with them. It is the leader's duty to make them understand their well being is as important as achieving target. Managing time to set everybody's problem right might be an issue at first. But, it can be managed easily with the help of the other team members. The very fact that the leader is caring more will extract more sincerity from the employee’s side, making them solve their problems themselves. The main impact a woman leader creates in a work place in general is a surprise. One female leadership inspires many more women to come up successfully in t heir career rather than get satisfied with the position they are currently in. There is a general belief that good deeds go unrewarded and only power can help gain respect and influence. Proving power can be used to help people in productive ways is the major fact I wish to establish. There are several tools to do the same. Intelligence, empathy and competence are the most important of all. Any grim situation can be turned into a favourable one if a person is calm and creative enough to analyze the pitfall in it. Good leadership can simply make or break an organization. There are five practices necessary for exemplary leadership which can transform any worst team into star performers. They are communication, honesty and integrity, creativity and innovation and

Power subsystem Microsatellite

Power subsystem Microsatellite This subsystem is responsible for supplying power to the entire satellite, converting solar cell energy to on-board battery energy, and distributing power to various other subsystems. The power subsystem of the microsatellite is designed for a remote sensing mission to carry out on sun-synchronous orbits at 700 km altitude at an inclination of 98.19 degrees. The payload of the microsatellite includes a multispectral remote sensing camera which takes picture of polar region in a visible spectrum and a surrey GPS receiver especially designed for low earth orbit. Microsatellite payload weighs 5 kg and with a mean power consumption of 9W. Sub-system power budget is estimated according to the payload power requirement with 15 percent margin. Total estimated power requirement for the microsatellite is 70W. Microsatellite subsystem Power Allocation :- End Of Life Estimated Microsatellite Power 70 W Subsystem % of Operating Power Power (W) Payload 15 10.5 LSTS Bus Propulsion 0 0 Thermal Control 10 7 Attitude Control 15 10.5 Power 15 10.5 Communications 20 14 C D Handling 10 7 Structure 0 0 Margin 15 10.5 Total 100 70 The power subsystem of the microsatellite is designed for Low Earth Orbit for five years period. The power estimated for subsystem has a 15% contingency margin. Primary power source for the satellite is the solar array that is body mounted on the microsatellite. The satellite is in near polar sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 700 km, total orbital period of the satellite is 98.77 min. The microsatellite experience eclipse for about 35.29 min. Solar array for the microsatellite is designed according to the mission requirement. Batteries are secondary power source during the eclipse when no sun light is available. The selection of the solar cell and batteries are made according to power required end of life of the satellite and trade study between different solar cell and batteries but decision is made to satisfy the estimated mass size and power budget of the satellite. As the satellite is a cube shaped and spins stabilized body mounted solar panels to places on all the four sid es of the satellite for a uninterrupted supply of power to the subsystems. Altitude 700.00 km Earths Radius 6,378.00 km Total Power Requirement (const. day and night) 70.00 Watts Earths Gravitational Constant 3,98,600.00 km2/s2 Power transfer efficiencies:- Xd 0.85 Xe 0.75 Inherent Degradation Id 0.80 Worst Case(ÃŽ ¸ deg) 23.00 (deg) Mission Life (yrs) 5.00 (Yrs) Life time Degradation (Ld) 0.98 Angle ÃŽ ± (rad) 1.12 (rad) Angle ÃŽ ± (deg) 64.30 (deg) Orbital Peroid (P) (sec) 5,926.21 (sec) Maximum Eclipse Peroid (Tn) (sec) 2,117.08 (sec) Minimum Power Sunlight (Td) (sec) 3,809.12 (Sec) Average Solar array power (Psa) (W) 134.23 W Multijunction Solar (GainP/GaAs) Po 301.00 W/m2 BOL Power (Pbol) 221.66 W/m2 EOL Power Requirement (Peol) 216.17 W/m2 Solar array Area (m2) 0.62 m2 Mass of Solar Array (kg) 3.36 kg Solar array weight ( body mounted so Msa x 4 ) 13.42 kg The primary power source of the microsatellite is chosen to be Multijunction Solar cells (GainP/GaAs). These solar cells have an efficiency of 23 percent and most advanced for their category. The required solar panel area of the microsatellite to sufficiently support the power requirement of the microsatellite subsystem is 0.62 m2 but for a body mounted microsatellite, all the four faces of the cube shaped satellite will have the following area. The estimated weight of the solar panels is 3.4 kg and the total weight of all the panels on the satellite is 13.5 kg. The main advantage of the body mounted solar panels is such that they have more life expectancy as they are not exposed to radiation for a long time, but it is compensated with the additional weight of the solar panels. The primary power source should be able to generate 135 Watts of power to sustain the power requirement of the subsystems as well as enough to charge the batteries as they are the secondary power source of the mission. For Given Ni H cell Assuming Data for 700 km altitude Energy Density 100.00 W.h/kg DOD 1.60 0.27 log10 [cycles] Power during Eclipse 70.00 W Altitude 700.00 km Battery Voltage 28.00 Volts Xb-l 0.90 No .of eclipes per day 15.00 5 year Mission Orbital Peroid (P) (sec) 5,926.21 Sec Time of Night (Tn) (sec) 2,117.08 Sec Eb (energy supplied during eclipse) (W.h) 45.74 W.h Cycles 26,607.25 Depth Of Discharge (DOD) 0.41 1a)Ebcap (energy battery capacity required) (W.h) 112.87 W.h 1b) Battery Capacity (A.h)(assuming voltage is 28 v) 4.03 A.h 2. Total Battery Mass (kg) 1.13 Kg The secondary power source is required to generate power during eclipse in the orbit to sustain microsatellite subsystems. The secondary power source for the mission is chosen to be NiH batteries as they are good for long cycle life and they have advantage of mass and volume over most of the current batteries available. They have good specific energy density of 50 W.hr/kg. The main advantage of these batteries is such that they are widely used in space mission and constantly updated with new technologies. They have depth of discharge of 40% that is good for this kind of mission. Total secondary power source weight is 2.3 kg. (((((((((( References SMAD and System Integration Aegis)))))))) Communication subsystem The communications subsystem is the lead for the interface between the satellites and the ground stations. The communications subsystem helps in demodulating the received uplink signals and transmitting downlink signals .The subsystem also helps us to maintain a track over the satellite by transmitting received range tones and by acting as logic between receive and transmitted signals. Data Rate The remote sensing microsatellite is designed for a Low Earth orbit at an altitude of 700 km. The payload of the satellite is a multispectral camera that takes picture of the poles in visible spectrum. The 20 degrees minimum elevation angle and a resolution of 50 is assumed for the satellite and the data rate is calculated for the satellite. Altitude (km) 700.00 Radius of Earth (km) 6378.14 Orbit Peroid (mins) 98.77 Ground Velocity ( km/s) 6.76 Node Shift (∆L = S) (deg) 24.76 ÃŽ µ (deg) 20.00 ÃŽ · (deg) 57.86 Zc 27818.52 Za 133.06 Z 3701467.63 DR (Visible)(bps) 37014676.33 Maximum Time in View (min) 6.66 The data rate calculated is 37Mbps adding 10 percent margin data required to send back to ground station is estimated to 40Mbps. Band Link Technology For the current microsatellite mission an S-Band telecommunication system is researched, analyzed, and chosen as the best system for establishing communication between satellite and the ground station. Application Specifications Downlink Rate Max 2.5Mbps Power RF Output .4W Power Consumption 3.4W Weight 420g Volume 190X135X22 mm3 The table above shows the specification if the Surrey Satellite S band communication system transmitter details. This has an advantage of low mass, power and data rate which completely satisfy the mission constrains. The above transmitter system also has a S-Band antenna for this transmitter which has specifications as follows.(((((((((((((((((((memo com2 // surrey satellite)))) Specifications Number of Antennas Needed 4 3dB Beamwidth  ± 35 ° Weight 80g Volume 82X82X20 mm3 Link Budget Link budget for the system S band communication system is designed considering the factor to transmitting the data rate of 40Mps within 6.5mins or 400 sec. The link budget is a process of accounting all the possible gains and losses during transmitting and receiving the signals from transmitter to receiver. The equations below are used to determine link budget: Total spacecraft received power (uplink budget) Uplink Signal to Noise ratio (Will help determine probability of bit error) Total Ground Station received Power (downlink budget) Downlink Signal to Noise ratio (Will help determine probability of bit error) 2.4.1 Slant Range The Slant range was calculated as follows for a 5 degree elevation angle. 2.4.2 Attenuation of the Signal The biggest contributor to the attenuation of the signal is free space loss. There are many other losses such as cable loss, polarization loss, cloud, rain, etc. The frequency used for the S-Band calculation is 2.2GHz. Atmospheric loss is caused by absorption due to such factors as oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere. Atmospheric, rain, clouds and ionosphere scintillation were assumed to be 0.5dB for 2.2GHz. Further investigation into these effects needs to be completed next semester. With X-Band the total loss due to these factors was calculated to be 0.76dB. S-Band is expected to have a much lower loss. Polarization loss was estimated from [9] 2.4.3 Calculating EIRP There will be passive losses in the equipment such as losses in the coax cables. This number was used from the previous year. Power transmitted was obtained from the specification on the Surrey transmitter as 0.4 Watts. Looking at the Co-Polar gain on Figure 2 it is seen that there is a gain of at least 0dB for angles between +/- 70 °. 2.4.4 Ground Station Antenna Gain Using an antenna that is 4.5m in diameter with efficiency of 0.55 the gain is calculated as follows: 2.4.5 Signal to Noise Calculation The signal to noise ratio will determine the Bit Error Rate (BER), as determined from the following graph [8]. From this graph it can be seen that to obtain a Bit Error Rate of 10-5 which is typical of space missions, a signal to noise ratio of 4.4 dB is needed. The Link Budget calculations will determine if the system will meet the 4.4 dB of signal to noise ratio at the ground station. System Noise is a function of temperature and was determined from table 13-25 [2]. 4.8dB is above the minimum 4.4dB theoretical signal to noise ratio required. This leaves only a 0.4dB margin which needs to be approved upon. The output RF power could easily be increased from 0.4Watts by using an amplifier, but would be at the expense of the satellite power budget. The Surrey Satellite equipment is a viable solution. Thermal Subsystem The thermal control subsystem is the integral part of the satellite design. It helps out all the components that are exposed to thermal environment are not affected badly. Thermal control subsystem accomplish safe working of all the satellite subsystems and their components by constituting a thermal model.The following process includes inputs from different subsystem of the satellite by identifying the thermal loads that will acting on them during the mission lifetime as well as their operating tempertature for the smooth running of the mission. Thermal Loads The satellite experience or exposed to thermal enviroment during gound testing, transportation, launch , orbit transfer and operational orbits. The thermal environment concerned is during its operation in space. There are four main loads acts on the satellite during its mission.(smad) Direct Solar Radiation: The main source of direct solar radiation is the Sun. It is major source of environmental heating on the satellite, it is a stable energy source and it constant to the fraction of second. The intensity of the sunlight on the earths mean distance of 1 Astronomical unit (AU) is 1367 W/m2. Earths Albedo: Albedo is the reflected sunlight reflected from earth . It is highly as it is the fraction of incident sunlight that is refected back to space. Refletivity increases over land rather than in oceans. Reflectitivy increases with decreasing local solar -elevation angle. Earths Infrared Energy: It is also refereed as blackbody radiation, all incident sunlight do not reflected back as abledo rather earth absorbs it and re-emit it as IR (infrared Energy ) or blackbody radiation. Free Molecular heating: This load is result of the bombardment of the individual molecules present in outer reaches of the atmosphere. It affects during the launch ascent of the satellite. The thermal control susbsystem is designed for a sun synchronous Low Earth Orbit at an altitutde of 700km and at an inclination of 98.19 degrees.The main aspect in designing the thermal control system is to first define the worst case hot (maximum loads) and worst case cold (minimum loads ) acting on the satellite in the orbit and the opertonal temperature operational and survival temperature of each component installted